How should I take ownership of the property I am buying  我應該如何取得我購買的房產的所有權 ?

This important question is one California real property purchasers ask their real estate, escrow and title professionals every day. Unfortunately, though these professionals may identify the many methods of owning property, they may not recommend a specific form of ownership, as doing so would constitute practicing law.
這個重要的問題是一位加州房地產購買者每天都會問他們的房地產、託管和產權專業人士。不幸的是，儘管這些專業人士可能會確定擁有財產的多種方法，但他們可能不會推薦特定的所有權形式，因為這樣做會構成執業法律。

Because real property is among the most valuable of assets, the question of how parties take ownership of their property is of great importance. The form of ownership taken — the vesting of title — will determine who may sign various documents involving the property and future rights of the parties to the transaction. These rights involve such matters as: real property taxes, income taxes, inheritance and gift taxes, transferability of title and exposure to creditor’s claims. Also, how title is vested can have significant probate implications in the event of death.
由於不動產是最有價值的資產之一，因此當事人如何取得財產所有權的問題非常重要。所有權的形式 —— 所有權的歸屬 —— 將決定誰可以簽署涉及交易各方財產和未來權利的各種文件。這些權利涉及以下事項：不動產稅、所得稅、遺產稅和贈與稅、所有權的可轉讓性和債權人債權的風險敞口。此外，如何授予所有權可能對死亡事件產生重大的遺囑認證影響。

The California Land Title Association (CLTA) advises those purchasing real property to give careful consideration to the manner in which title will be held. Buyers may wish to consult legal counsel to determine the most advantageous form of ownership for their particular situation, especially in cases of multiple owners of a single property.
加州土地所有權協會 (CLTA) 建議購買不動產的人仔細考慮所有權的持有方式。買家可能希望諮詢法律顧問，以確定最適合他們特定情況的所有權形式，尤其是在同一房產有多個所有者的情況下。

The CLTA has provided the following definitions of common vestings as an informational overview only. Consumers should not rely on these as legal definitions. The Association urges real property purchasers to carefully consider their titling decision prior to closing, and to seek counsel should they be unfamiliar with the most suitable ownership choice for their particular situation.
CLTA 提供了以下共同歸屬的定義，僅供參考。消費者不應依賴這些作為法律定義。該協會敦促房地產購買者在交割前仔細考慮他們的所有權決定，如果他們不熟悉最適合其特定情況的所有權選擇，請尋求諮詢。

Note: Under current law, California recognizes same sex relationships that are legally performed or entered into in California and in other states and other countries. This recognition includes same sex marriages and other types of legal unions that are similar to registered domestic partnership status.
注意：根據現行法律，加州承認在加州以及其他州和其他國家/地區合法進行或締結的同性關係。這種承認包括同性婚姻和其他類型的與註冊同居伴侶身份類似的合法結合。

Although this Series will use the title “registered domestic partner” in examples, the term “domestic partnership” will be used to include both California registered domestic partnerships and all non-marital legal unions that are recognized in California (i.e. Civil Unions, etc.). 1
Common Methods of Holding Title
儘管本系列將在示例中使用 “註冊同居伴侶” 這一標題，但 “同居伴侶” 一詞將用於包括加州註冊同居伴侶和所有在加州承認的非婚姻合法聯合（即民事聯合等）。 ）。 1 常見的所有權持有方法



Sole Ownership  獨資

Sole ownership may be described as ownership by an individual or other entity capable of acquiring title. Examples of common vesting cases of sole ownership are:
單獨所有權可以描述為個人或其他能夠獲得所有權的實體的所有權。唯一所有權的常見歸屬案例示例如下：

1. A Single Man or Woman, an Unmarried Man or Woman or a Widow or Widower:  單身男人或女人、未婚男人或女人或寡婦或鰥夫：

A man or woman who is not legally married or in a domestic partnership. For example: Bruce Buyer, a single man.   
未合法結婚或處於家庭伴侶關係中的男性或女性。例如：Bruce Buyer，單身漢。

2. A Married Man or Woman as His or Her Sole and Separate Property:   已婚男人或女人作為他或她的單獨財產：

A married man or woman who wishes to acquire title in his or her name alone.  已婚男人或女人希望僅以其名義獲得頭銜。

The title company insuring title will require the spouse of the married man or woman acquiring title to specifically disclaim or relinquish his or her right, title and interest to the property. This establishes that both spouses want title to the property to be granted to one spouse as that spouse’s sole and separate property. The same rules will apply for same sex married couples. For example: Bruce Buyer, a married man, as his sole and separate property.  產權保險公司將要求獲得產權的已婚男性或女性的配偶明確放棄或放棄其對財產的權利、產權和權益。這表明配偶雙方都希望將該財產的所有權授予一名配偶，作為該配偶的唯一財產。相同的規則將適用於同性已婚夫婦。例如：Bruce Buyer，已婚男子，作為他的唯一財產。

3. A Domestic Partner as His or Her Sole and Separate Property:  同居伴侶作為他或她的唯一和獨立財產：

A domestic partner who wishes to acquire title in his or her name alone.
希望單獨以他或她的名義獲得所有權的同居伴侶。

The title company insuring title will require the domestic partner of the person acquiring title to specifically disclaim or relinquish his or her right, title and interest to the property. This establishes that both domestic partners want title to the property to be granted to one partner as that person’s sole and separate property. For example: Bruce Buyer, a registered domestic partner, as his sole and separate property.    產權保險公司將要求獲得產權的人的同居伴侶明確放棄或放棄其對財產的權利、產權和利益。這表明，同居伴侶雙方都希望將該財產的所有權授予一位合夥人，作為該人的唯一財產。例如：Bruce Buyer，一個註冊的同居伴侶，作為他唯一的獨立財產。

CO-OWNERSHIP   共有

Title to property owned by two or more persons may be vested in the following forms:
由兩個或更多人擁有的財產的所有權可以以下列形式授予：

1. Community Property:   共同財產：

A form of vesting title to property owned together by married persons or by domestic partners. Community property is distinguished from separate property, which is property acquired before marriage or before a domestic partnership by separate gift or bequest, after legal separation, or which is agreed in writing to be owned by one spouse or domestic partner.   已婚人士或同居伴侶共同擁有的財產的一種歸屬形式。共同財產有別於單獨財產，後者是在婚前或同居伴侶關係之前通過單獨贈與或遺贈、合法分居後獲得的財產，或由配偶或同居伴侶書面同意擁有的財產。

In California, real property conveyed to a married person, or to a domestic partner is presumed to be community property, unless otherwise stated (i.e. property acquired as separate property by gift, bequest or agreement). Since all such property is owned equally, both parties must sign all agreements and documents transferring the property or using it as security for a loan. Each owner has the right to dispose of his/her one half of the community property by will. For example: Bruce Buyer and Barbara Buyer, husband and wife, as community property, or Sally Smith and Jane Smith, registered domestic partners as community property. Another example for same sex couples: Sally Smith and Jane Smith, who are married to each other, as community property.
在加州，轉讓給已婚人士或同居伴侶的不動產被推定為共有財產，除非另有說明（即通過禮物、遺贈或協議作為單獨財產獲得的財產）。由於所有這些財產是平等擁有的，雙方必須簽署所有轉讓財產或將其用作貸款擔保的協議和文件。每個業主都有權按照意願處分他/她的一半社區財產。例如：Bruce Buyer 和 Barbara Buyer，夫妻，作為共同財產，或 Sally Smith 和 Jane Smith，將國內合夥人註冊為共同財產。同性伴侶的另一個例子：Sally Smith 和 Jane Smith，他們結婚了，作為共同財產。

2. Community Property with Right of Survivorship:   具有生存權的共有財產：

A form of vesting title to property owned together by spouses or by domestic partners. This form of holding title shares many of the characteristics of community property but adds the benefit of the right of survivorship similar to title held in joint tenancy. There may be tax benefits for holding title in this manner. On the death of an owner, the decedent’s interest ends and the survivor owns all interests in the property. For example: Bruce Buyer and Barbara Buyer, husband and wife, as community property with right of survivorship, or John Buyer and Bill Buyer, husband and husband, as community property with right of survivorship. Another example for same sex couples: Sally Smith and Jane Smith, registered domestic partners, as community property with right of survivorship. 
配偶或同居伴侶共同擁有的財產的一種歸屬形式。這種持有所有權的形式具有共同財產的許多特徵，但增加了與聯合租賃中持有的所有權類似的生存權的好處。以這種方式持有所有權可能會有稅收優惠。所有者去世後，死者的權益終止，而倖存者擁有該財產的所有權益。例如：Bruce Buyer 和 Barbara Buyer 夫妻，作為具有生存權的共同財產，或 John Buyer 和 Bill Buy 的丈夫和丈夫，作為具有生存權的共同財產。另一個同性伴侶的例子：Sally Smith 和 Jane Smith，註冊同居伴侶，作為共同財產，具有生存權。

3. Joint Tenancy:   合伙產權：

A form of vesting title to property owned by two or more persons, who may or may not be married or domestic partners, in equal interests, subject to the right of survivorship in the surviving joint tenant(s). Title must have been acquired at the same time, by the same conveyance, and the document must expressly declare the intention to create a joint tenancy estate. When a joint tenant dies, title to the property is automatically conveyed by operation of law to the surviving joint tenant(s). Therefore, joint tenancy property is not subject to disposition by will. For example: Bruce Buyer, a married man and George Buyer, a single man, as joint tenants.
由兩個或兩個以上的人（可能是也可能不是已婚或同居伴侶）在平等利益下擁有的財產所有權的一種形式，但受倖存聯名租戶的生存權的約束。所有權必須同時通過同一運輸工具獲得，並且該文件必須明確聲明創建聯合租賃財產的意圖。當聯名租戶去世時，財產的所有權會根據法律自動轉移給倖存的聯名租戶。因此，共同租賃財產不受意志處分。例如：Bruce Buyer，一個已婚男人和George Buyer，一個單身男人，作為聯合租戶。

Note: If a married person enters into a joint tenancy that does not include their spouse, the title company insuring title may require the spouse of the married man or woman acquiring title to specifically consent to the joint tenancy. The same rules will apply for same sex married couples and domestic partners.
注意：如果已婚人士簽訂不包括其配偶的聯合租賃，則保障所有權的產權公司可能會要求獲得所有權的已婚男性或女性的配偶特別同意聯合租賃。相同的規則將適用於同性已婚夫婦和家庭伴侶。

4. Tenancy in Common:   共同租賃：

A form of vesting title to property owned by any two or more individuals in undivided fractional interests. These fractional interests may be unequal in quantity or duration and may arise at different times. Each tenant in common owns a share of the property, is entitled to a comparable portion of the income from the property and must bear an equivalent share of expenses. Each co-tenant may sell, lease or will to his/her heir that share of the property belonging to him/her. For example: Bruce Buyer, a single man, as to an undivided 3/4 interest and Penny Purchaser, a single woman, as to an undivided 1/4 interest.
任何兩個或兩個以上個人擁有的財產的歸屬所有權形式，具有不可分割的部分利益。這些零星利益在數量或期限上可能不等，並且可能在不同時間產生。每個租戶共同擁有財產的一部分，有權獲得財產收入的可比部分，並且必須承擔同等份額的費用。每個共同承租人都可以將屬於他/她的財產份額出售、出租或遺贈給他/她的繼承人。例如：Bruce Buyer，一個單身男人，對於未分割的 3/4 權益，Penny Purchaser，一個單身女人，對於未分割的 1/4 權益。


Other ways of vesting title include as:    授予所有權的其他方式包括：

1. A Corporation*:  公司*：

A corporation is a legal entity, created under state law, consisting of one or more shareholders but regarded under law as having an existence and personality separate from such shareholders.
公司是根據州法律設立的法人實體，由一名或多名股東組成，但根據法律被視為具有獨立於這些股東的存在和人格。

2. A Partnership*:  合作夥伴*：

A partnership is an association of two or more persons who can carry on business for profit as co-owners, as governed by the Uniform Partnership Act. A partnership may hold title to real property in the name of the partnership.
合夥企業是由兩個或兩個以上的人組成的協會，這些人可以作為共同所有人開展業務以營利，受《統一合夥企業法》的約束。合夥企業可以以合夥企業的名義持有不動產的所有權。

3. Trustees of a Trust*:  信託的受託人*：

A Trust is an arrangement whereby legal title to property is transferred by a grantor to a person called a trustee, to be held and managed by that person for the benefit of the people specified in the trust agreement, called the beneficiaries. A trust is generally not an entity that can hold title in its own name. Instead title is often vested in the trustee of the trust. For example: Bruce Buyer trustee of the Buyer Family Trust.
信託是一種安排，通過該安排，財產的合法所有權由設保人轉移給稱為受託人的人，由該人為信託協議中指定的人（稱為受益人）的利益持有和管理。信託通常不是可以以其自己的名義持有所有權的實體。相反，所有權通常屬於信託的受託人。例如：Buyer Family Trust 的 Bruce 買方受託人。

4. Limited Liability Companies (LLC)*:  有限責任公司 (LLC)*：

This form of ownership is a legal entity and is similar to both the corporation and the partnership. The operating agreement will determine how the LLC functions and is taxed. Like the corporation its existence is separate from its owners.
這種所有權形式是法人實體，類似於公司和合夥企業。運營協議將決定 LLC 的運作方式和徵稅方式。就像公司一樣，它的存在與其所有者是分開的。

*In cases of corporate, partnership, LLC or trust ownership - required documents may include corporate articles and bylaws, partnership agreements, LLC operating agreements and trust agreements and/or certificates.
*在公司、合夥、有限責任公司或信託所有權的情況下 - 所需文件可能包括公司章程和章程、合夥協議、有限責任公司運營協議和信託協議和/或證書。



Remember   記住
How title is vested has important legal consequences and tax consequences. The tax consequences may be different for same sex legally related couples. You may wish to consult an attorney or tax advisor to determine the most advantageous form of ownership for your particular situation.
如何授予所有權具有重要的法律後果和稅收後果。對於在法律上有關係的同性夫婦，稅收後果可能會有所不同。您可能希望諮詢律師或稅務顧問，以確定最適合您特定情況的所有權形式。



FOOTNOTE (1): Note: Registered domestic partnership status is not limited to same sex couples.
腳註（1）：注：註冊同居伴侶身份不限於同性伴侶。







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The Title Consumer is published by the California Land Title Association. Member companies of the California Land Title Association are dedicated to facilitating the transfer of real property throughout California and increasing the public's awareness of the value and purpose of title insurance.  This communication is provided for informational purposes.  It is general in nature and is not intended to and should not be relied upon or construed as legal or tax advice.  Please consult with an attorney or accountant for further questions regarding this matter.
產權消費者由加州土地產權協會出版。加州土地產權協會的成員公司致力於促進整個加州的不動產轉讓，並提高公眾對產權保險價值和目的的認識。本通訊僅供參考。它是一般性質的，無意也不應被依賴或解釋為法律或稅務建議。有關此事的進一步問題，請諮詢律師或會計師。